Normally I would advocate moving whatever possible to a subfolder, but I'm a bit confused by the .shop. Did you mean shop.mywebsite.com?

I would use canonical tags in this situation.

We have an e-commerce client that is launching a new site. In setting up for it they decided that they want to change their navigation on the site and url structure. So everything being even, the new site will have appropriate 301 and it's built on Magento so the product pages are all structured as website.com/product-A but the category pages will now be deeper than before. So before it was website.com/product-category/product-sub-category will now be website.com/more generic category/product-category/new-subcategory/product-category. Hope that makes sense. I'm not as worried about the 301's or specific products but I'm worried the category pages dropping a folder level will hurt page authority. Any thoughts, am I being overly nervous?

One thought is to Check your GA code, sometimes we see sites (mostly Wordpress) accidentally install the old code and new code on the same page and get wacky metrics like that. If that is the case you should see an extremely low bounce rate.

Nope, as far as I know. Matt Cutt's commented on it https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsSwqo16C8s

The only time I could see it was useful if you were doing some black hatish stuff and didn't want multiple domains on the same C Block that were related, but I'm pretty sure Penguin/ Panda is catching that sort of thing now.

Matt Cutts commented on this https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7Yv6DzHBvE#t=2217 go to 36.24. He was addressing the idea of the new TLDs. It doesn't seem that it will.

We went through a similar issue when Google migrated their local services to G+. Several of our clients had correct categories and when the platform switched they arbitrarily set new categories. Some were way off. If the personal injury is the most important category, I would delete the others temporarily and try reintroducing the other categories later. It could also be a situation where you have citations outside of Google in Bankruptcy related directories or with data related to it. Doing a citation building campaign focused on the personal injury category may also help.

Here is my thoughts based on experience.

First the links don't disappear from Webmaster tools. You will still see them there. A reconsideration request only helps if you got hit by a manual penalty not algorithmic ones. If your traffic dropped after the disavow list was supplied it could be that you told Google to kill some valuable links and now you are missing that link juice. Though with that the  flip side from mantra of causality and correlation that Rand preaches. Google has been rolling out some changes so your traffic drop could be unrelated.

I would go back to the disvow list though and see if they put some links in it that shouldn't have been flagged as spam and resubmit the list.

Thanks, I just wanted to make sure I wasn't crazy and was missing something obvious.

I'm thinking this is a silly question, but I've never had to deal with it I thought I'd ask. Ok is there a tool out there that will show all the redirects to a domain. I'm working on a project that I keep stumbling on urls that redirect to the site I'm studying. They don't show up in Open Site or ahrefs as linking domains, but they keep popping up on me. Any thoughts?

Gregory summed it well, my only add on to it in setting when adjusting the geographical settings also adjust the intent. So if you have a German in Berlin searching for "my service in Newcastle" they won't be served the ad if they out of the actual area, if you don't want any non UK PPC visitors.

Are you logged in doing the search or are you searching through an incognito window?

I think you hit the nail on the head with your last line. I would do it just for the social share pulling up the snippet that you have crafted versus some random part of the page getting ripped out of it.