Agreed. URL A is now a higher authority page because of the proper canonical, which in turn means a link from URL A could have more value. But the equity from that link to URL B is not directly passed to your site.

Pageviews specifically...no. Popularity...yes. User experience is far more important though and Google's approach is based on sites giving users great experience and relevant content.

Like Kingof5 said, OSE doesn't do as large a crawl as many other tools out there. They pride themselves on accuracy not volume.

It looks like a large site, probably with many subdomains. OSE likely just has crawled that page or hasn't in a long time. Might want to take a look at the sitemap, see if those pages/subdomain/link to that sitemap subdomain are contained in it.

As long as it is in the section of your page. Crawlers look for tagging information in this section first so it may be missed if it is anywhere else.

If you are concerned about the amount of code in the top head section, you could move all that javascript into a external js file and reference it.

I assume you're using OSE? It looks like rogerbot hasn't crawled the page - which why it doesn't show PA or links.