Hi Georg,
Looks like a penalty. We have experienced similar things yesterday on a number of websites which we've been adopting overly-aggressive link building tactics and it is a result of a recent google update:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2012/04/another-step-to-reward-high-quality.html
It is not a result of your onsite SEO. There might be different reasons for it but I do consider it as a result of article spinning which might have been taking part of your link building activities. Especially if the keywords that you lost rankings for have been targeted by such links - spinned content on private or public blog networks.
Have you had some kind of drop in rankings about a month ago for those particular keywords?
Kind regards,
Ivo