Hi Dana,
" ... you are right, one of the fundamental questions I still have is how does a bot behave when it finds an orphaned page like one of these? Does it just revert back to the sitemap and move one? Does it automatically go back to the last non-dead end page and move on from there? What does it do?"
Bots are not really like a single spider that has to crawl around the web that can get trapped when entering an orphaned page with no back-button. When a bot enters a site, it creates a list of all the internal pages that are linked from the home page. Then it visits each page on that list and keeps adding more linked pages to that list. Each time it adds more pages to the list, it only adds new unique pages and does not add duplicates. It also keeps track of which pages it has already visited. When all the pages have been visited once, and no new pages are discovered that are not already on the list, all of the pages have been crawled.
Best,
Christopher